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\begin{figure}[!htbp]
\centering
\begin{tikzpicture}
[...]
\end{tikzpicture}
\caption[Unterschrift fürs Verzeichnis]{Angezeigte Unterschrift}\label{fig:meineGrafik}
\end{figure}

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\foreach\laengengrad in {0,20,...,340}{ 
\tdplotsetthetaplanecoords{\laengengrad} 
\tdplotdrawarc[thin,tdplot_rotated_coords]{(0,0,0)}{\radius}{0}{360}{}{}   
}   

\foreach\breitengrad in {-60,-30,0,30,60}{
\pgfmathsetmacro{\breitenkreisradius}{\radius*cos(\breitengrad)}
\pgfmathsetmacro{\hoehe}{\radius*sin(\breitengrad)}
\tdplotdrawarc[thin]{(0,0,\hoehe)}{\breitenkreisradius}{0}{360}{}{}          
}

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File ended while scanning use of \@xargdef.<inserted text>\par<> suspect you have forgotten a '}'

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\documentclass[12pt]{article}
\usepackage{tikz}
\usetikzlibrary{positioning}

\newcommand\pgfmathsinandcos[3]{%
  \pgfmathsetmacro#1{sin(#3)}%
  \pgfmathsetmacro#2{cos(#3)}%
}
\newcommand\LongitudePlane[3][current plane]{%
  \pgfmathsinandcos\sinEl\cosEl{#2} % elevation
  \pgfmathsinandcos\sint\cost{#3} % azimuth
  \tikzset{#1/.estyle={cm={\cost,\sint*\sinEl,0,\cosEl,(0,0)}}}
}
\newcommand\LatitudePlane[3][current plane]{%
  \pgfmathsinandcos\sinEl\cosEl{#2} % elevation
  \pgfmathsinandcos\sint\cost{#3} % latitude
  \pgfmathsetmacro\yshift{\cosEl*\sint}
  \tikzset{#1/.estyle={cm={\cost,0,0,\cost*\sinEl,(0,\yshift)}}} %
}
\newcommand\DrawLongitudeCircle[2][1]{
  \LongitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
  \tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
  
  \pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{atan(sin(#2)*cos(\angEl)/sin(\angEl))} %
  \draw[current plane,thin,black] (\angVis:1) arc (\angVis:\angVis+180:1);
  \draw[current plane,thin,dashed] (\angVis-180:1) arc (\angVis-180:\angVis:1);
}
\newcommand\DrawLongitudeCirclered[2][1]{
  \LongitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
  \tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
   % angle of "visibility"
  \pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{atan(sin(#2)*cos(\angEl)/sin(\angEl))} %
  \draw[current plane,red,thick] (150:1) arc (150:180:1);
  %\draw[current plane,dashed] (-50:1) arc (-50:-35:1);
}%for drawing the grid
\newcommand\DLongredd[2][1]{
  \LongitudePlane{\angEl}{#2}
  \tikzset{current plane/.prefix style={scale=#1}}
   % angle of "visibility"
  \pgfmathsetmacro\angVis{atan(sin(#2)*cos(\angEl)/sin(\angEl))} %
  \draw[current plane,black,dashed, ultra thick] (150:1) arc (150:180:1);
  
  \tikzset{%
  >=latex,
  inner sep=0pt,%
  outer sep=2pt,%
  mark coordinate/.style={inner sep=0pt,outer sep=0pt,minimum size=3pt,
    fill=black,circle}%
    
    \begin{document}
    \begin{tikzpicture}
    \def\R{2.5}
    \def\angEl{35}
    \filldraw[ball color=white] (0,0) circle (\R);
    \foreach \t in {-80,-60,...,80} { \DrawLatitudeCircle[\R]{\t} }
    \foreach \t in {-5,-35,...,-175} { \DrawLongitudeCircle[\R] {\t} }
    \end{tikzpicture}
    
    \begin{tikzpicture}
    \filldraw[ball color=white] (0,0) circle (2.5cm);
    \end{tikzpicture}
    
    \end{document}